Citations within the Text
Footnotes & Endnotes
Reference List/Bibliography Basics
Examples of References
Citations within the Text
Include the last name of the author(s) and year of publication. Include page number when you quote directly from the work or refer to specific passages.
- If author’s name is in the text, follow it with the publication year in parentheses
When Gilligan (1982) studied…
- If the author’s name is not in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses:
When the study was completed in 1992 (Jones 1994), cable television news ratings were ….
- If the page number is to be included it follows the year of publication after a colon:
It was only Johansson (1976:37) who foresaw the development of advanced health directives.
- For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text; afterwards use the first last name followed by et al.; for more than three authors, use the first author’s last name plus et al.:
- (Smith, Garcia and Lee 1954)
- (Smith et al. 1954)
- Quotations in the text must begin and end with quotation marks; the citation follows the end quote mark and precedes the period.
"In 1999, however, the data were reported by more specific job types which showed that technologically oriented jobs paid better" (Hildenbrand 1999:47).
Footnotes & Endnotes
- Try to avoid footnotes, but if necessary, use footnotes to cite material of limited availability or to add information presented in a table.
- Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the essay with superscript Arabic numerals and included at the bottom of the paper or in a separate section headed "Endnotes."
Reference List/Bibliography Basics
- References follow the text and footnotes in a separate section headed "References."
- All references cited in the text must be listed and vice-versa.
- Remember references should be double-spaced.
- List references in alphabetical order by author’s last names.
- Use hanging indentation
- Invert the authors’ name; if there are two or more authors invert only the first author’s name.
- Arrange multiple items by the same author in order by year of publication, earliest year first.
- Use six hyphens and a period (------.) in place of the name(s) for repeated authorship.
- Distinguish works by the same author in the same year by adding letters (e.g. 1993a, 1993b, 1993c).
- Use italics for book and periodical titles (underline if italics are not available).
- If no date is available use "n.d." in place of the date.
- Include both city and state for place of publication except for New Yorkusing U.S. Postal Code abbreviations. For foreign cities provide the name of the country.
Examples of References
Books
… One author
Parsons, Talcott. 1978. Action Theory and the Human Condition. New York, NY: Free Press.
… Two authors
Wickman, Peter and Phillip Whitten . 1980. Criminology, Perspectives on Crime and Criminality. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath .
… Chapter in book
Barnello, Inga. 1996. "The Changing Face of Reference: A History of the Future." pp. 3-17 in The Changing Face of Reference, edited by L.M. Stuart and D.H. Holiman. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Inc.
… No author
Manual of Style. 2003. 15 th ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Note: List books with no author alphabetically by the first significant word in the title.)
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Journal Articles in Print
… One author
Naturale, April. 2007. “Secondary Traumatic Stress in Social Workers Responding to Disasters: Reports from the Field.” Clinical Social Work Journal 35: 173-181.
… Two or more authors
Leicht, Kevin T. and Mary L. Fennel. 1997. " The Changing of Organizational Context of Professional Work." Annual Review of Sociology 23:215-231.
Ulrich, Connie, Patricia O’Donnell, Carol Taylor, and Adrianne Farrar. 2007. " Ethical Climate, Ethics Stress , and the Job Satisfaction of Nurses and Social Workers in the United States." Social Science and Medicine 65:1708-1719.
Newspaper & Magazine Articles in Print
Basic form for a newspaper or magazine entry is 1- Author’s last name, followed by a comma and the first name and middle initial, ending with a period. 2- Year of publication followed by a period. 3-Title of article in quotations and ending with a period inside the closing quotation mark. 4-Name of newspaper/magazine in italics 5-date of publication followed by a comma 6- page number of article within the publication ending with a period.
… Magazine
Fowl, Cook. 2007. " De- Stress Your Turkey Day Drive." PC Magazine, December 4, pp. 21.
… Newspaper
Reimer, Sarah. 2007. "Less Homework, More Yoga: From a Principal Who Hates Stress." New York Times, October 29 A1-A16.
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Articles and Reports Retrieved in Electronic Format
… From commercial databases such as Academic Search Elite or Worldwide Political Sci. Abstracts
Evans-Campbell, Teresa. 2008. “Historical Trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska Communities” Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 23:3. Retrieved July 3, 2008 Available: Proquest Research Library.
- In text reference: (Evans-Campbell 2008)
… Web version of newspapers (from the newspaper’s web site)
Baker, Robert A. 2008. “Ex-Felon Accused of Abusing Disabled Boy.” Syracuse Post-Standard, June 13. Retrieved July 3, 2008 (http://www.syracuse.com/crime/index.ssf?/base/policeblotter-1/1213347636237940.xml&coll=1).
… Web-based journals (those published only online with NO print equivalent)
Diaz, Joseph. 2007. "Racial Differences in Self-Destructive Behavior Related to Depression." Electronic Journal of Sociology, Retrieved December 5, 2007 (http://www.sociology.org/content/2007/__diaz_racialdifferences.pdf).
… Information posted on a Web site of an organization with a known location
American Sociological Association. 2006. "Behavioral and Social and Science are Under Attack in the Senate." Washington, DC: American Sociological Association, Retrieved November 28, 2007 (http://www.asanet.org/cs/root/leftnav/advocacy/social_sciences_under_attack).
- In-text citation: (ASA 2006)
… Information posted on a Web site of an organization with an unknown location (IBM has offices all over the world)
IBM. 2007. "Education: Solutions and Open Technologies for K–12 Schools, Higher Education and Lifelong Learning." Retrieved January 30, 2007 (http://www-3.ibm.com/industries/education/index.jsp?re=ibmhpdd).
- In-text citation: (IBM 2007)
… When the citation references a report published by an institution and then accessed online:
Johns Hopkins University. 2003. Economic Impact of the Johns Hopkins Institutions in Maryland. Silver Spring, MD: Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved January 26, 2007 (http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/reports/impact/2003/impact2003.pdf ).
- In-text citation: (Johns Hopkins University 2003)
[ includes publisher location because the document was originally published as a printed document and then simply uploaded to a Web site. It is important to include the retrieval date and Web URL so as not to mislead readers into thinking you accessed the printed document when you did not. ]
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Miscellaneous Types of Publications
… Government Documents: Since the nature of public documents is so varied, the form of entry for documents cannot be standardized. The essential rule is to provide sufficient information so that the reader can locate the reference easily. For example see the following:
United States . Department of Justice. 2006. The Title of the Document. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Justice.
… Dissertations & Theses
Smith, John. 1993. " Women deans and the NAWD as predictors of the new feminism." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Education, University of Philadelphia.
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Updated: July 8, 2008, Inga H. Barnello